Hare's Apparatus

Aim: To determine the density of a liquid miscible with water.

Apparatus required: Hare's apparatus, water, liquid.

Principle: Relative density of the liquid = h1/h2. 9(Refer figure)

Density of the liquid = Relative density x density of water

Procedure: One limb of the Hare's apparatus is dipped into beaker of water and the other into a beaker containing the liquid whose density is to be measured. Air is sucked out of the apparatus through the tube 'P' till liquids have risen to suitable heights. Using a clip the tube 'P' is closed. The heights 'h1' and 'h2' are noted. From this density of the liquid can be calculated.

Kundt's tube

Aim: To determine the velocity of sound in a rod

Instruments required: kundt's tube, Lycapodium powder, resined leather.

Procedure: Kundt's tube is a glass tube. Lycapodium powder is introduced in to kundt's tube with the help of a scale. A rod is then introduced to the tube. This rod is clamped exactly at the midpoint. The free end of the rod is stroked longitudinally using a piece of resined leather. A very shrill sound is produced. Use the piston to form well defined lycopodium powder loops. Length of the loop(l) is measured. If 'L' is the length of the rod and 'v' the velocity of sound in air, then velocity of sound in rod = vxl/L.

Magnetic fluid

Magnetism was an interested area for researchers since time immemorial. Magnets were seen with immense wonder by kids in the ancient period. Now magnetic gadgets are in common use. The synthesis of nanomaterials opened a new era of nanomagnetic fluids. Nanomagnetic fluids have immense applications-in the fabrication of sensors, in the fabrication of microelectronic devices, in sophisticated and risky surgeries etc. To start with let me explain a simple method to synthesize Zinc Ferrite based nanomagnetic fluid.

1. You take Zinc sulphate and Iron nitrate powders in the weight ratio 1:2.

2. Mix the powder and dissolve in distilled water.

3. Heat the solution upto boiling temperature.

4. While cooling add ammonia solution drop by drop till the colour of the solution becomes perfect black.

5. Filter the solution and the residue you dry.

6. Residue is mixed with ethylene glycol and keep it for 48 hours.

7. Ball milling the above solution for 120 hours will yield zinc ferrite nanomagnetic fluid.

Potential applications are there. Companies in America are charging upto 100 $ for 100 ml solution.But we can synthesize the same amount by expending just 10 $.

More details later

Miller indices and planes

The figures represent different planes of a crystal. For drawing planes,

1. You find the reciprocal of miller indices

2. These reciprocals are x, y and z intercepts.

3. Mark intercepts and draw the planes

Quantum Circuits

A quantum circuit is a combination of logic gates which are connected together by wires. This wire transfer a quantum state from the output of a gate to input of another gate. Then it is connected to a measurement device. The nature of the wire and its practical appearance depends on the technological realization of the qubit. We can visualize trajectories of flying spins as wires. Usually two spins may have their trajectory deflected or enter a zone in which they interact. The case mentioned is that of a two qubit gate.